News Desk, News Nation 360 : After breast cancer, cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer in women worldwide and is still a leading source of disease and mortality. However, early detection and greater knowledge can help prevent it to a large extent. Every January, the World Health Organisation (WHO) observes "Cervical Cancer Awareness Month" to raise awareness of the value of early detection and prevention. Dr Kaustav Basu, Clinical Lead and Senior Consultant – Gynaecology-Oncology and Robotic Surgery, Narayana Hospital, Howrah has discussed these in detail. Cervical cancer, caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, develops slowly over 10 to 15 years, presenting a crucial window for prevention. The infection, affecting the cervix, can lead to ulcers that may become cancerous. Regular PAP smear tests are vital for early detection, as they can identify pre-cancerous changes not visible through other imaging methods like ultrasounds or CT scans. Women should begin these screenings at 21 or upon becoming sexually active, repeating them every three years. Abnormal PAP smear results prompt further investigation, such as a biopsy. Early-stage cervical cancer often presents no symptoms, but later signs can include abnormal white discharge, intermenstrual bleeding, and post-coital bleeding. These symptoms warrant immediate medical consultation. Risk factors for cervical cancer include smoking, multiple sexual partners, long-term diabetes, and prolonged steroid use. The HPV vaccine offers significant protection, reducing the risk of cervical cancer by 90-95%, and is most effective when administered between ages 9 and 14, though it can still benefit older women. Treatment options depend on the cancer stage. Early-stage (Stage 1) typically involves surgery, while more advanced stages may require chemotherapy and radiation. Robotic surgery is increasingly used due to its minimally invasive nature and faster recovery. Early detection leads to high survival rates, with 90% of Stage 1 patients achieving full recovery, and even Stage 4 patients having a chance of recovery with modern treatments. Comprehensive care, including biopsy, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, is essential for effective treatment. Therefore, regular PAP smears, HPV vaccination, and access to comprehensive treatment are key to preventing and successfully treating cervical cancer.
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